These are typically mild and temporary. Some hydroquinone users notice mild, non-permanent irritation after applying the cream to their skin for the first time.
In some cases, hydroquinone can cause minor swelling. Finally, hydroquinone use is linked to the development of ochronosis. This is extremely rare, with most cases occurring in Africa. Current research indicates that this might be caused by exposure to hydroquinone in combination with antimalarials and other substances.
Studies show that hydroquinone works well as a treatment for melasma, helping to reduce skin discoloration and make blotchy, uneven patches of skin more consistent. Our guide to melasma goes into more detail on how and why melasma occurs, as well as the most effective treatments available for reducing hyperpigmentation and returning your skin to normal. Looking for more skincare tips from the hers pros?
Head on over to the blog. This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. The information contained herein is not a substitute for and should never be relied upon for professional medical advice. Always talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of any treatment. Because exposure to UVA and UVB light leads to melanocytic growth and increased transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes, broad-spectrum sun-blocks are an essential adjunct to any treatment regimen for hyperpigmentation 8.
PIH frequently develops secondary to cutaneous inflammation or injury 7. Acne vulgaris is one of the most common inflammatory skin disorders that results in hypermelanosis 2.
All age groups are equally affected, and there is no difference between genders; however, PIH is more likely to develop in patients with darker skin types 7. The time of onset of hyperpigmentation relative to the inciting inflammation has never been studied rigorously, but it typically evolves over a few days.
The hyperpigmentation frequently becomes apparent only after the erythema has resolved. This melanin will be shed with the monthly turnover of the epidermis.
In contrast, dermal hyperpigmentation develops when melanin crosses the damaged basement membrane, where it is phagocytosed and retained by dermal macrophages, sometimes permanently 7. Hydroquinone, or 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, is a phenolic bleaching compound that is the gold-standard therapy for PIH.
The mechanisms of action of this drug include: i reversible inhibition of tyrosinase the main enzyme involved in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin ; and ii selective damage to melansomes and melanocytes 7. Therefore, the mechanism of action of topical hydroquinone is through prevention of new melanin production. As skin cells mature, the melanin-containing keratinocytes within the epidermis are shed and new keratinocytes are formed with less pigmented melanosomes 7. As depicted in Fig.
Hydroquinone is relatively ineffective against dermal hyperpigmentation because it cannot penetrate the dermal—epidermal junction and dermal melanin that is already present has less means of egress. Schematic depicting the progression of skin lightening that occurs as epidermal melanin is shed while preventing new epidermal melanin formation.
In dyschromia, excess melanin is found in skin cells throughout the epidermis. As skin cells mature, cells containing melanin are shed.
When new melanin production is inhibited, the rate of new melanin production is less than the rate melanin is shed. Thus, the skin lightens. Because the amount of time that elapses between the initial inflammation and development of hyperpigmentation is unknown, when to begin hydroquinone therapy remains subjective. Theoretically, one would prefer initiating therapy prior to the onset of PIH i. Compliance, and possibly drug incompatibility in the case of benzoyl peroxide and hydroquinone , are limiting factors.
More often, hydroquinone therapy is initiated once the acne is under control or resolved. In fact, Kligman reported that his formulation achieved complete depigmentation in normal skin of black patients when it was applied daily for 5—7 months 9. The hydroquinone should be applied twice daily for 2—6 months.
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What is hydroquinone? Read on to learn more about how it works, who might benefit from use, products to try, and more. How does it work? What skin conditions can benefit from it? Is it safe for all skin types and tones? How to use hydroquinone. Possible side effects and risks. OTC products to consider. The bottom line. Read this next.
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